You’ve probably heard the word prolactin in a doctor’s office, but what does it actually do? In simple terms, prolactin is a hormone made by the pituitary gland that helps the body produce milk after pregnancy. It also has a hand in regulating the immune system, metabolism, and even mood.
When a woman gives birth, prolactin levels rise sharply so the breasts can start making milk. Men and non‑pregnant women also have prolactin, but at lower levels. That baseline level helps keep the immune system balanced and can affect how the body handles stress.
If you’re curious about why your doctor ordered a prolactin test, it’s usually to check for two things: an overactive pituitary (which can push prolactin too high) or a condition that lowers it, like certain medications or pituitary damage.
High prolactin, called hyperprolactinemia, often shows up as unexpected milk production, irregular periods, or reduced libido. In men, it can cause breast enlargement and erectile problems. The most common cause is a non‑cancerous pituitary tumor called a prolactinoma, but stress, thyroid issues, and some drugs (especially antipsychotics) can also raise levels.
Low prolactin is less common but can happen after head injuries, certain pituitary surgeries, or if you’re taking dopamine‑boosting meds. Symptoms might include trouble breastfeeding for new mothers and, in rare cases, a weakened immune response.
Testing is straightforward: a blood draw, usually done in the morning when levels are most stable. Your doctor may ask you to fast or avoid stress‑inducing activities before the draw to get an accurate result.
If your numbers are off, treatment depends on the cause. For high prolactin caused by a prolactinoma, doctors often start with medications like bromocriptine or cabergoline. These drugs lower prolactin and can shrink the tumor without surgery. If a medication you’re taking is the culprit, a simple switch might fix the problem.
When low prolactin is the issue, the focus is on fixing the underlying pituitary problem. Hormone replacement isn’t common, but managing stress and reviewing any dopamine‑affecting drugs can help.
Beyond medication, lifestyle tweaks can support healthy prolactin levels. Getting enough sleep, managing stress with techniques like deep breathing or short walks, and keeping a balanced diet rich in whole foods all play a role. If you’re a breastfeeding mother, staying hydrated and nursing or pumping regularly naturally keeps prolactin where it needs to be.
In short, prolactin isn’t just a “milk hormone.” It touches many parts of the body, and keeping its levels in the right range can improve overall well‑being. If you notice symptoms like unexpected milk flow, menstrual changes, or sexual issues, ask your doctor for a simple blood test. Early detection makes treatment easier and often avoids more invasive steps.
Remember, a hormone imbalance is usually treatable. Understanding what prolactin does, watching for warning signs, and staying proactive with your health can keep you feeling your best.
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